Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Capital punishment - Essay Example Our central matters for the abrogation of capital punishment are ethical quality and detail. The first contentions for the death penalty doesn't any longer apply however are obsolete †prevention, requital, and so on. The lessons of the Bible †the Old and the New Testaments †disclose to us one significant part of creation: ensure life and don't permit retribution. God didn't murder Cain for slaughtering his own sibling Abel yet rather sent him on outcast and put an imprint on him with the goal that nobody would execute him. An entry in the Bible of states: ‘an tit for tat, a tooth for a tooth’. This educating doesn't mean ending the life of a killer or somebody who has carried out an egregious wrongdoing, however it implies constraining the reprisal for an offense. At the point when Jesus was introduced the lady blamed for infidelity, he didn't censure the lady however told those present â€Å"to cast the first stone†, which implies we ought not denounce anybody yet permit a heathen to change. Another contention is the ground of detail. The criminal equity framework, a human framework, is defective. That is to say, it isn't generally flawless regardless of all the brilliant, lawful personalities the world has ever created. Decisions are not great. The Supreme Court decided that capital punishment disregarded the Eight and Fourteenth Amendments. At that point in another decision in 1976, Gregg v. Georgia, the Court again repudiated itself by deciding that capital punishment as such was not unlawful. (Bedau 2005, p. 23) In Furman, it was decided that some state resolutions were unlawful, which permitted that capital punishment rules must be revised. Promoters of capital punishment started proposing new laws for the death penalty. As it were, backers of capital punishment deciphered this as a chance to compose new laws so that there would be no more questions of holding capital punishment. It was accounted for that there were 35 states that changed their

The significance of the Copenhagen Conference Essay

The criticalness of the Copenhagen Conference - Essay Example Anyway the new Obama organization appears to be available to the issue. Before, the US has treated environmental change as a non-issue, concentrating on it just during political crusades. By and by there are signs that the US government may reevaluate its firm stance position on a dangerous atmospheric devation. It had just consented to cut its discharges by 17% in 2005. Continuously 2030, US intends to cut emanations by 42% and 83% by 2050 (Broder). China is additionally one of the world’s greatest air polluter and a ton of weight has been put on that country’s government to think of stage to control the emanations that originate from enterprises in China. China has just consented to cut CO2 emanations per GDP unit by 40 to 45% continuously 2020 (Zhi Lin). The entire world absolutely concurs that an unnatural weather change should be tended to as an issue of direness. For example the UK has as of now officially consented to cut discharges by 20%. Nations in the European locale likewise consented to cut their outflows by a similar edge (Bulow). Because of an Earth-wide temperature boost, the world is getting more sultry. The Polar Regions are dissolving and this thus is causing the ocean level to rise. It has been said that a few islands may vanish if the circumstance isn't tended to. Deserts are expanding and numerous individuals are abandoning water and food. This isn't what the world needs, and the sooner this atmosphere issue is settled, the better it will be for everybody (Anup). The meeting comes when the world is unable to address factors that have prompted a worldwide temperature alteration and serious environmental change in different pieces of the world. On the off chance that the world heads go to a pragmatic understanding, this could be a gigantic advance towards sparing the world from absolute demolition. Anyway the meeting may wind up like such a significant number of atmosphere based gatherings before it, which didn't create any indisputable answer for the issue of

What You Need to Know About Writing Tricks for Everyone

What You Need to Know About Writing Tricks for Everyone Wow, there’s a lot of writing advice online. Seems like every blogger and writer has a tip or trick they swear by, some must-follow technique that unlocks the door of writing victory. But for every post about good advice, there’s another quoting someone famous who offers a counterpoint to debunk it. So just what should everyone know about writing, and what tricks can be found to improve their craft, and chances of success? We found this topical thread over on Quora asking “What should everyone know about writing?”. And like elsewhere online, there’s a lot of practical advice and tips on improving writing methods, but only a few actually answered the thread question. We decided to delve into it a bit further, and see what answers apply equally to all aspiring writers. Read on, and see what insights were found. What You Need to Know About Writing The noun writing has two applicable descriptions for our purposes, as found in the Miriam-Webster dictionary. They are: “The activity or work of writing books, poems, stories etc.”             And, “The way that you use written words to express your ideas or opinions.” So, to break it down into the basic components, writing is work and a manner in which you arrange words to communicate ideas. Seems simple enough Writing is Work Even if your writing is strictly hobbyist in nature, it still takes work to communicate your ideas clearly. It’s certainly one of the more common themes at the Quora thread. Here’s a sampling of quotes from contributors on the idea of writing as work: “Its a full time job. To be successful you must be disciplined.” Zachary Norman “Good writing takes work, the desire to learn the craft, a thick skin, and practice.” Deanna Kizis “Writing is work. Thinking about what we are writing is work.” T.L. Wagener To successfully share your ideas and opinions, you have to put in the time and effort to develop the skill of writing. That’s what work is, you diligently apply yourself through repetition to learn the steps necessary to master a skill. And how do you become proficient at any skill? With practice, of course. Chuck Wendig at terribleminds.com has this to say about learning the craft of writing: “You can practice what you do. You practice it by writing, by reading, by living a life worth writing about. You must always be learning, gaining, improving.” Sound like work, right? And Michael Nye, in a post at the missourireview.com echoes Mr. Wendig’s point with the following: “The writers achieving success are hard working. Being the most talented writer doesn’t necessarily translate into publishing success, which really comes from methodical and consistent work rather than raw talent.” While talent is nice, you’ve either got it or you don’t. But a skill set is learnable, and writing is a learnable skill. And as with any new skill, the more time and attention you invest in its practice, the more proficient and, ironically, talented you’ll become. And what should you practice? The basics. Start with the fundamentals of strong writing: Spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Build your vocabulary. Learn how to compose a sentence, and to organize your thoughts into a paragraph. Master the active voice and how to use action verbs. Develop editing skills and how to eliminate unnecessary wordiness. In a post for WriteToDone, Glen Long sums up the learning process in these three steps â€" study, practice and feedback. “This learning cycle is essential because it helps you to hone your writing instincts. It trains the internal critic that guides the hundreds of tiny decisions you make each time you sit down and write.” The trick here isn’t very tricky, but one that’s apt to be bypassed in the rush to be published. It’s this â€" you have to know the rules before you can break them.  Writing is work. To become really good at your work, you must practice the necessary skills. And the necessary skills to practice are writing basics. The Way You Use Words The second description of writing relates to your voice. It’s the way you use written words to express your ideas or opinions. Your voice is the one truly original thing about your writing. While style, form and structure are all derivatives modeled from the work of others, your voice is your unique perspective. It’s one of a kind. Why develop your voice? Jeff Goins gives a pretty clear explanation: “Finding your voice is the key to getting dedicated followers and fans and that’s the only sustainable way to write.” And this comment from Cori Padgett in a post at Copyblogger.com gets straight to the point: “It seems that in my rather meandering journey to becoming a ghostwriter-cum-blogger, I unexpectedly stumbled upon what seems to be the Holy Grail for many aspiring writers. I’m talking about my voice.” To share your ideas and your opinions, it must come from your voice and your voice needs to be heard in a multitude of ways. From the above post, we have three great tricks to develop your voice: Speak your readers’ language. Talk to them in everyday language they understand and can relate to. Know why you’re writing. Without a purpose, writing can seem flat and lifeless. Infuse it with the passion that comes from knowing your purpose for writing. Brand it. Stamp your work with your individuality, let your idiosyncrasies show in rhythm, word selection and tone. It’s the best way for your readers to get to know you. In conclusion, perhaps the best tricks we can offer everyone to know about writing are simply to be yourself and to invest in your writing success by learning the basics. You need to pay your dues so, get to work.

Hunting Subsistence Strategies Before Agriculture

Mobile Device Security Threats - 1184 Words

Mobile device security Threats: Over the past two decades, we have witnessed significant technology advances in mobile devices, from the personal data assistants (PDAs) of the late 1990s and early 2000s to the ubiquitous and multifunctional smartphones of today. These advances have extended the virtual boundaries of the enterprise, blurring the lines between home and office and coworker and competitor by providing constant access to email, enabling new mobile business applications and allowing the access to, and storing of, sensitive company data. Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, proliferate in today’s corporate environments. While there are significant opportunities to leverage these devices to increase the†¦show more content†¦However, an attacker can easily bypass incorrect, insufficient or weakly implemented controls, thereby leveraging the internal network’s trust in the device. For example, BlackBerry devices supported by the appropriate version of BlackBerry Enterprise Server can act as modems for a laptop to access the intranet. This would bypass some device restrictions and allow a malicious user to attack the internal network from the much more functional platform of a PC. †¢ Stolen or lost devices A fundamental problem of mobile devices is physical access control.By their design, mobile devices are most useful outside of the office and on the move with the owner. This presents several concerns for a security administrator, as the device on the move is more likely to. After going thru these threats, I personally recommend these solutions: †¢ Network accessibility Commercial applications or custom-developed applications are used to connect to common services on the internal corporate network to test the availability of internal web servers, FTP servers, database servers and other critical infrastructure. These tests also establish connections to internal web applications that should be inaccessible to the device. The existing web browsers and proprietary web application testing tools are used to circumvent access controls. †¢ Policy configuration With regard to policy configuration, the local device policies determine whetherShow MoreRelatedMobile Devices : Mobile Device Security Threats1747 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Usage of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, has surpassed desktop and laptop computers in this day and age. These devices are being used for applications like banking, personal digital assistance, remote working, m-commerce, Internet access, entertainment and medical usage [2]. Also, recent innovations in mobile commerce have enabled users to conduct many transactions from their smartphone, such as purchasing goods and applications over wireless networks, redeemingRead MoreMobile Device Security And Other Threats1304 Words   |  6 PagesMobile Device Security and Other Threats Darryl Gennie Dr. Bouaffo Kouame Augusta CIS 502 28 February 2016 Strayer University â€Æ' Security threats have not only grown and matured quickly, but the people behind these threats have become more creative in disguising and hiding their work. These criminals have become more adept at eluding their identification and are now relying on cryptography. Some of the more frequent used threats were listed in the Security Threat Report 2014 such asRead MoreThe Impact of Mobile Devices on Cyber Security1132 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Mobile Devices on Cyber security: The modern society including corporate environments has been characterized by the proliferation of mobile devices. The increased use of these devices is attributed to the significant opportunities they bring and their contribution towards enhanced communication. However, the increased use of mobile devices has been accompanied by considerable concerns regarding the privacy of personal information and sensitive corporate data that are stored on themRead MoreEssay about Annotated Bibliography on Information Technology768 Words   |  4 Pageson Information Technology Mobile Security in the Future Adesina, A. O., Agbele, K. K., Februarie, R., Abidoye, A. P., amp; Nyongesa, H. O. (2011). Ensuring the security and privacy of information in mobile health-care communication systems. South African Journal of Science, 107(9), 26-32. This research article examines the security concerns of using mobile technology systems in health care institution. Various methods of ensuring privacy and security of patient’s electronic medicalRead MoreMobile Devices And The Business Environment1491 Words   |  6 Pages Securing Mobile devices in the Business Environment: Introduction: Today,mobile devices are becoming important in everyone’s life and these are playing a crucial role in peoples life and work.smart phones and tablets are used by people as work tools in place of desktops.Now-a-days,there is a rapid increase of usage of mobile devices in business and enterprises for their growth.Features of mobile devices is changing a lot and because of those some features threats are also increasing.securityRead MoreSmartphones And Other Mobile Devices1630 Words   |  7 Pagessmartphones and other mobile devices are playing a greater central role in how people are entertained, communicate, network, work, bank, shop, and how employees interact in a corporation. Times are changing and everything is growing within the mobile market--whether in performance, storage, applications, or abilities--have been occurring at an extremely rapid pace. However, there is basic area in which broad time and circumstances in expansion have not been realized on mobile devices, especially whenRead MoreWireless And Mobile Security Plan1584 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: WIRELESS AND MOBILE SECURITY PLAN Wireless and Mobile Security Plan Patrick C. Behan Regis University Context:  Our networks are becoming more vulnerable because of wireless and mobile computing. Ubiquitous devices can and do pose a significant vulnerability. In this activity, you are to think outside the box and determine how to best defend against these threats. Scenario - You are an Information Security engineer for a midsized company. The company would like to offer directRead MoreTaking a Look at Mobile Risk Management708 Words   |  3 Pagesthat are associated with mobile devices. Mobile Risk management is way beyond traditional management of mobile device where they were primarily working on control tactics and on risk avoidance. The MRM is done to allow their full potential of mobility to exercise while ensuring regulatory compliance and protecting corporate data. In order to achieve accurate balance among risk mitigation, compliance assurance and device management and simultaneously maximizing utility of device and user acceptance thatRead MoreMobile Phones : A Target For Hackers1489 Words   |  6 PagesMobile phones play huge role in our lives as they help us get connected to each other all the time. Since the last decade, Mobile phones continued to evolve into smartphones which can do much more than calling and texting. Smartphones are nothing but computers with extra internal hardware specifically a GSM radio (Global System for Mobile Communications) and a baseband processor that controls the radio. Along with these primary hardware components, smartphones now comes embedded with additional hardwareRead MoreMobile Device Security Concerns For Android Powered Mobile Devices Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pa gesCurrently, mobile devices have become increasingly essential to every facet of business communication. Smartphones and tablets are becoming the norm in most business environments. As a result of this widespread device proliferation, mobile device security now needs to be a primary concern for information security personnel in any organization. Increasingly, companies are adapting to a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policy, in which end user devices are privately owned, rather than owned by the corporation

Analyzing The Best Practices On The Quality And Validity...

Summarize the â€Å"best practices† of interviewing as discussed in the Snook et al (2012) article and then discuss how the use (or lack of use) of best practices can impact the quality and validity of information gathered by police officers. Purpose and Need for Study (Snook et al (2012): Based on limited knowledge about the current questioning practices, authors did the examination of real-life questioning practices of Canadian police officers in seeks to develop the best practices for the future successful criminal investigations practices. ( The reserchers underline ) the necessity to review the questioning practices to conduct of the professional and ethical information-gathering interviews (e.g., Fisher Geiselman, 1992; Lamb, Hersh Main Finding(s): Were coded: 80 transcripts of police interviews with suspects and accused persons. the type of questions asked, the length of each response to each question, the proportion of words spoken was estimated Results: Only less than 1% of the questions asked in an interview were open-ended, - 40% and 30% of the questions asked were the closed questions like yes–no and probing questions. 14% of the interviews were asked to make free narrative The 80–20of talking rule was violated in every interview. Only 30% of the witness interviews contained the use of a free narrative. 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The researcherRead MoreInternal Auditing in an Organization and Its Effects on Financial Administration and Controls14791 Words   |  60 Pagesloss accounts give a true reflection of the profit and loss for the period, according to the best of his information and the explanations given to him as shown by the books and if not in what respect he is not satisfied . The owners accept the financial reports as credible. The errors, not disclose fraud, be inadvertently misleading, be deliberately misleading, and fail to disclose relevant information or fail to conform to regulations. There is therefore the need for an independent person to expressRead MoreVietnams Bank Risk Management33687 Words   |  135 PagesPOLICIES AND PRACTICES IN A VIETNAMESE JOINTSTOCK COMMERCIAL BANK‟S TRANSACTION OFFICE Business Economics and Tourism 2010 1 FOREWORD At this moment, the financial sector still attracts a lot of controversy both at the regulator and the banker level. 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Why It Is Important to Reduce Emissions Caused by Carbon Dioxide free essay sample

Australia is considered to be the driest populated continent in the world and faces stern drought and water shortages. Reducing carbon emissions is challenging for Australia, although the Government realizes that meeting this challenge is important and commits to reducing the level of pollution caused by greenhouse gases in Australia, and voluntarily preparing for an altered climate in the near  future. The Hon. Greg Combet (Assistant Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency) stated in his speech that, â€Å"Australia is already the driest inhabited continent on earth, and is heavily exposed to the impacts of climate change and faces huge environmental and economic costs from climate change impacts including on water security, agriculture, energy supply, health, coastal communities and infrastructure† (The Hon. Greg Combet AM, 2010). 1. M. Harris: Analysis on Environmental Effects The discount rate is used as a measure to determine future costs and benefits from climate change. However, according to M. We will write a custom essay sample on Why It Is Important to Reduce Emissions Caused by Carbon Dioxide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harris, there is uncertainty when using this method. He states that other methods that include ecological as well as economic costs and benefits should be chosen. M. Harris examined two studies, one by William Nordhaus and other by Cline. William Nordhaus said that the most favorable policy would be a minute reduction in greenhouse gas emission lower than recent estimations. Whereas, Cline focused on long-term effects and used a low discount rate of 1. 5% to level present and future cost. From these studies, M. Harris concluded, â€Å"Even though costs of aggressive action appeared higher than benefits for several decades, the high potential long-term damages sway the balance in favor of aggressive action today†. Furthermore, M. Harris argued that stabilization of the global climate should be the target and not economic optimization of costs and benefits. According to M. Harris, the present rate of emissions from carbon dioxide and other gases will carry on to gather in the atmosphere. Also, in order to stabilize the gathering of greenhouse gases, it would require a major cut below current emission levels. If actions are taken to prevent global climate change from happening, this will have an impact on the economy (M. Harris, 2002). GDP, consumption and employment will be affected and the government will take strict measures to lower emissions of carbon dioxide (M. Harris, 2002). 2. Policy tools Policies and plans are required to reduce carbon emissions in the coming centuries. These policies and plans can assist to deploy climate friendly energy production and use of technologies. There include tradable permits, carbon taxes, education and training, use of new technologies and research and development. The realization of the severe effects of carbon emissions, happening due to the burning of fossil fuels, has led to the suggestion for non-market mechanisms such as regulation and market mechanisms such as tradable emissions permits and carbon taxes, to lower emissions (Cornwell. Antonia, 1996). In terms of efficiency, market methods are usually preferred and carbon tax is said to be the easiest policy to implement and monitor (Cornwell. Antonia, 1996). 2. 1Policy tools: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme The emission trading scheme, or ‘Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme’, is a cap and trade system. A company purchases a permit from the government and only then they can emit greenhouse gases. The government caps the level of emissions by limiting the amount of permits obtainable. The plan of the government is to reduce the stock of permits little by little each year- boosting the competition for permits and pricing them at a higher rate eventually. (Anonymous, 2008). The Australian Government has set long term and medium term targets to reduce emissions. The Government aims to reduce emissions to 60% lower than 2000 levels by 2050, and its medium term target ranges between 5 and 15% below 2000 levels by 2020. According to the government, Australia needs to reach an universal agreement so that atmospheric contents of greenhouse gases can be stabilized at around 450 parts per million of CO2E (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent). The government has realized that to achieve this global commitment with such action is going to be challenging in the future. The medium term targets set by Australia are quite similar to that of many other countries that have announced their targets. For example: the European Union (Pope, 2009). The working of the ETS is mainly based on emitters of any six greenhouse gases who acquire a permit for each tonne of gas they emit. There is monitoring, reporting and auditing done on the total amount of emissions the industries produce. During the end of every financial year, each firm surrenders a permit for each tonne of emissions they produced during that year. Limited amounts of permits are issued by the Government every year and entities compete to buy the amount of permits they need. The permits are mostly auctioned or traded in the secondary market and firms who consider the permits of high value pay a lot for them. Reducing emissions than buying permits is a convenient choice for smaller firms. Few other firms are allocated free permits, as a transitional assistance measure. These firms either use or sell the permits (Pope, 2009). The carbon pollution permits will be auctioned by the Government during the second year of action (2012-13). More ever, the government believes that an efficient way of assigning permits is by auction because only those who highly rate them will purchase it. Even then, some of the permits will be administratively allocated, so that transitional difficulties can be looked at. All the money raised from this scheme will be used to support households and businesses for adjusting to the scheme and to invest in clean energy resources (Pope, 2009). Furthermore, the government will arrange assistance for emissions-intensive trade-exposed industries to lower the risk because of the relocation of their industries to offshore places due to competition from countries that don’t poses carbon constraints and deliver general transitional service towards a carbon constrained economy. Assistance will also be given to emissions-intensive coal-fired electricity sector. The target is mainly on emissions-intensive generators as it is not possible for them to pass on the whole costs of the permits they purchase (Pope, 2009). The CPRS, carried out by the Australian Government is mainly revenue-neutral, and all the revenue generated will be used for lower and middle income households (mostly through transfer payments as an alternative to tax reductions) and businesses compensation, and stimulate behavioral change towards less carbon polluting goods and services, and output technologies, appropriately. The CPRS unfortunately is not tax neutral during a short period. Pope, 2009) 2. 2 Policy tools: Carbon Tax A carbon tax is a particular tax charged on an individual unit of carbon dioxide, or carbon equivalent of different other greenhouse gases, emitted into the earths atmosphere. The tax is usually charged at a price per tonne e. g. , $20/tonne CO2. On the other hand, with emission trading, the main point of a carbon tax is to create a cost penalty on g reen house emissions. In order to reduce emissions, the introduction of a cost penalty may be one of the set preferences (Brian Dawson, 2009). Economists usually assert that a tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels as a means of obtaining the low cost emission reductions across all fossil carbon resources. The tax can lower carbon dioxide emissions in two ways: It stimulates dynamic use of energy, and encourages the growth of zero-emission technologies by raising fossil fuel prices. This type of tax, steams up the change in consumption from coal and oil to other better burning fuels due to fluctuation of prices between fuels. Muller, 1996) There are benefits gained from a carbon tax. Firstly, this policy of imposing tax is frequently used and can be adopted through the present administration systems. Secondly, policymakers find the foreseeable economic impact of a tax very captivating. Lastly, tax incomes can provide capital for low income households vulnerable to high energy prices, adjustment assistance for fossil fuel production communities, and growth of lower emission technologies and infrastructure (Muller, 1996). In application, then, a carbon tax can be accepted as one tool in a climate change policy kit that includes voluntary agreements, efficiency standards, technology-promoting policies, infrastructure investments, land use policies, and other measures (Muller, 1996). 2. 3 Policy tools: Ramp;D, Technologies, Energy Production Australia’s support for research and development on carbon capture and storage from burning of fossil fuel is growing day by day. By expanding the commitment to increase funding for research and development and salability f low emissions technologies in which Australia has a national interest and conditional advantage has a logical place in the healing process. The increase of Australia’s effort on the latest technologies would grant Australia an important part to play in changes towards the required global commitments (Jubb, 2010). Policy tools can assist further technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through alterations in the energy product ion sector and encouraging increased efficiency in energy use, thus transitioning to a lower carbon-intensive energy sector. Energy Production: There are many ways to reduce mission from energy production sector. Fuel source can be switched from coal to oil gas, increasing power plant efficiency, improving transmission, CO2 capture and storage, increasing the use of renewable energy technologies and nuclear power (Chopra, 2005). 3. Steps taken by the Commonwealth to reduce emissions Australian Greenhouse Office: Aimed to provide a whole-of-government approach to greenhouse matters, and to distribute the Commonwealth government’s $180 million climate change package (Australia, 2001). The AGO also directs the Commonwealth’s contribution to the 1998 National Greenhouse Strategy and is responsible for delivery of the Commonwealth government’s $796 million ‘Measures for a better environment’ package (Australia, 2001). National Carbon Accounting System: Established by the Australian Government to precisely review the contributors that land-based activities make to green house gas sources and sinks (Australia, 2001). The main components of the NCAS are land clearing, land use and management, biomass estimation and soil-carbon estimation. Transport emissions: The commonwealth government looks at reducing greenhouse emissions from road transport through programs such as, the Environmental Strategy for the Motor Vehicle Industry, the broader National Greenhouse Strategy and measures to support and promote the increased use of alternative fuels (Australia, 2001). National Greenhouse Strategy (AGO1998): This strategy supplied the structure for Australia’s greenhouse response and is basically the primary means by which International commitments will be met (Australia, 2001). The strategy provides the foundation of actions to be adopted by the governments, industry and the community. There are 3 main topics that were discussed: * Developing awareness and knowledge of greenhouse issues; * Reducing the increase of greenhouse emissions and improving Australia’s greenhouse sinks; * Creating methods to cope with likely climate changes. Greenhouse Challenge Program (1995): A voluntary program which engages in cooperation with Australian industry to lower greenhouse emissions (Australia, 2001). The reductions mostly are from developments in energy and process efficiency. More than 500 firms have participated in this program and commit to reduce greenhouse emissions (Australia, 2001). Fugitive emissions: These are a by-product of industries. For example, loss of gas from pipelines and the evaporation of petrol from motor vehicles. Fugitive emissions are regulated, so that industries provide repairs to leaks and check fugitive emissions. 4. Costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions When alleviating climate change, there are lots of costs involved. The series of these costs totally depends on the types of policies and methods used to reduce emissions. Economists suggest that the costs of reducing emissions are much less when incentive based policies are implemented (Toman, 2001): For example, emission taxes and tradable emissions permit than under more straight regulations. Toman, 2001, suggested when taxes are imposed on income, employment level goes down and the demand for labor will fall because employers cannot meet the demand of workers, which is higher wages due to high tax incurred by the company. Furthermore, due to tax, employees will not get to enjoy most of their income (Toman, 2001) and this will discourage people from joining the workforce. Taxes on the income from capital lead to â€Å"too much† current consumption and â€Å"too little† investment and savings† (Toman, 2001). Likewise, certain regulations that raise producers output cost also lower employment opportunities and investment in the economy and these add to the alterations created by the tax policies (Toman, 2001): For example, when a t ax in levied on the carbon content of fossil fuels drives up the electricity and gasoline production costs of entities, this leads to a slight fall in the whole level of economic activity and job opportunities. According to (Chopra, 2005), the predicted osts from climate change might have a little impact on world’s GDP: For example, percentage decreases in global average GDP over the subsequent 100 years for stimulation at 450 parts per million varies from about 0. 02% to 0. 1% each year, in comparison to yearly GDP growth averages rates of 2-3% each year. The Australian Government estimated using MEGABARE (climate change economic model which analyze the economic effect of greenhouse gas emission policy) that satisfying emission targets would severely damage the economy (Alexander Gillespie, 2000). From this model, the Government has identified high costs from the reduction of emissions. For example, they declare that: * The wages in Australia will be reduced by 20% compared to the normal levels by 2020; * GDP will fall by 2% during 2020; * There will be a decline of $9000 in the savings accounts of each Australian; * Thousands of jobs will be lost; * Each Australian would incur 22 times more economic cost when compared to each European 5. Summary This research essay explains why it is important to reduce emissions caused by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and avoid the costs originated by them in the near future. Australia is severely impacted by global climate change.